Ketones are prepared from 2°
alcohols, acid chlorides, and alkynes.
Common Methods to Synthesize Aldehydes
Aldehydes are prepared from
1° alcohols, esters, acid chlorides, and alkynes.
The basic principles of resonance
The basic principles of
resonance:
- Resonance exists when a compound cannot be represented by a single Lewis structure.
- Resonance structures differ in the position of only non-bonded electrons and π bonds, not atoms.
- The resonance hybrid is the only accurate representation for a resonance-stabilized compound. A hybrid represents the compound better than any single resonance structure because electron density is delocalized.
Factors That Determine Acidity
- Element effects: The acidity of H – A increases both left-to-right across a row and down a column of the periodic table.
- Inductive effects: The acidity of H– A increases with the presence of electron-withdrawing groups in A.
- Resonance effects: The acidity of H– A increases when the conjugate base A:– is resonance stabilized.
- Hybridization effects: The acidity of H – A increases as the percent s-character of A:– increases.
